SCALE *** Structural CALculations Ensemble ***
SCALE is a computer program for producing neatly composed pages of structural engineers' calculations and component details for the design of a variety of components such as beams, columns and slabs, using steel, concrete, masonry and timber.
Everything shown on this website is included in the SCALE system.
SAND inclues everything on this website with the addition of non-linear analysis.
SCALE incorporates a library of nearly 1000 proforma calculations, any of which may be selected for use when SCALE is run. The content of this library is continually under review, proformas being added or modified as codes of practice develop and change.
SCALE includes LUCID for reinforced concrete detailing and SPADE for steelwork, masonry and timber detailing. Each program takes the form of a text file - written using a simple notation for control. The engineer may alter or extend any program, or write his/her own and add them into the ensemble. SCALE includes NL-STRESS for 2D/3D elastic analysis with linking between analysis and design.
SCALE itself contains proformas on the following subjects, these are listed in full below.
- Reinforced Concrete Design to ACI 318-95
- Reinforced Concrete Design to BS8110
- Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Design to BS5400 and DOT
- Reinforced Concrete Design to BS8007, BS8666 and Section Analysis
- Composite Construction
- Timber Design to BS5268
- Timber Design to AITC
- Steel Design to BS449 Including Amendment 8,1989
- Steel to AISC Load and Resistance Factor Design
- Steel Design to BS5400 and DOT
- Steel Design to BS5950-1:2000
- Masonry Design to ACI 530-95 and ACI 530.1-95
- Masonry Design to BS5628 and MEXE
- Analysis by NL-STRESS
- Analysis by Traditional Methods
- Pre and Postprocessors for Structural Analysis
- Loadings and Foundations
- Drainage and Surveying
- Mathematics
- Manuals and Miscellaneous
SCALE is used in over 2000 firms in 35 countries. Together the users produce over one million pages of structural calculations per year; SCALE has condensed print and summary options for saving paper.
The output from SCALE is a set of pages, neatly titled, dated and numbered, containing calculations and component details made to a standard suitable for submission to a checking authority.
Sample output.
For an easy-to-print list of all the proformas, including sample output calculations and detailing drawings for nearly 100 of the proformas, please download or open the pdf file below. This pdf file contains internal links to allow you to navigate directly to each sample calculation. This pdf file was created directly by SCALE, the feature of saving to pdf allows you to transmit calculations to clients and checkers which may be viewed and printed from any computer.
scale.pdf - 274 pages, 1.2MB.
If required, the free Adobe Acrobat Reader can be downloaded from here. The current list of SCALE programs follows.
Reinforced Concrete Design to ACI 318-95.
025 Torsion design of edge beams etc.
026 Shear in rectangular and flanged beams
028 Design of flat slabs (i.e. no internal beams)
029 Design of two-way slabs (i.e. internal beams)
030 Rectangular beam
031 Flanged beam
032 Rigorous determination of anchorage and splice bar lengths
033 Circular column
034 Rectangular column
036 Rigorous calculation of deflections (for beams and slabs except
two-way and flat slabs)
037 Design of one-way reinforced concrete slab system
038 Design of one span of beam system
044 Design of isolated footing
Reinforced Concrete Design to BS8110.
072 Rectangular beam - flexure only
073 Rectangular beam - flexure, span/depth, curtailment, laps
074 Tee beam - flexure only
075 Tee beam - flexure, span/depth check
076 Design of walls
077 Wall to wall intersection
078 Rectangular and Tee beam - shear only
080 Solid slab - flexure, tension steel only, span/d /m width
081 Solid slab - flexure, tension & comp steel, span/d /m width
082 Solid slab - flexure, tens & comp steel, span/d given width
083 Solid slab - shear only
084 Slab rib - shear only
085 Two way slabs - moments only
086 Two way slabs - with design
087 Flat slabs - simplified method
088 Slabs - punching shear
089 Annular column
090 Stocky column - biaxial bending
091 Slender rectangular column - uniaxial bending
092 Slender rectangular column - biaxial bending
094 Circular column - design for ultimate
095 Circular column - cracking
096 Circular column - cracking with tension stiffening
097 Rectangular column uniaxial bending - rigorous procedure
098 Rectangular column biaxial bending - rigorous procedure
099 Circular column in accordance with IStructE/ICE manual
100 Simply supported rectangular beam/slab with general loading
102 Rectangular beam/slab section
103 Rectangular beam/slab section - design chart
104 Biaxially bent stocky column
105 Rectangular column section - design chart
106 Flanged beam section design to IStructE manual
107 Flanged beam section design to Clause 3.4.4.4
108 Torsion steel for rectangular section
109 Ground-supported concrete slabs for industrial buildings
110 Pad footing with uniaxial bending, including section design
111 Deep beams - Kong's method
112 Modular-ratio design of reinforcement for circular column
113 Modular-ratio calculation of stresses for circular column
117 Simply supported R.C. staircase
118 Concrete nibs
119 Fire resistance
Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Design to BS5400 and DOT.
120 Rectangular beam/slab section
121 Assessment of beam/slab section
122 General reinforced concrete section - design
123 General reinforced concrete section - assessment
124 Early thermal cracking
125 Half joint
126 Torsion in reinforced concrete - design
127 Torsion in reinforced concrete - assessment
128 Temperature effects
130 HA loading to BD 37/01
131 HA loading assessment to BD 21/01
132 ULS flexure in prestressed members - design
133 ULS flexure in prestressed members - assessment
134 ULS shear in prestressed members - design
135 ULS shear in prestressed members - assessment
114 TY beam with in-situ infill
115 TY beam with in-situ top slab
116 TYE beam with in-situ top slab
165 TYE beam with in-situ infill
137 Birchwood B75 bridge beam with in-situ infill
138 New super Y beams with insitu top slab
139 Y edge beams with insitu top slab
140 Inverted T beam
141 M beam
142 UM beam
143 Y beam
144 U beam
145 Wide box beam
146 Box beam
147 SBB beam
148 Non standard beam
149 Concrete mix design
150 Wood/Armer
151 Rectangular column - section interaction - design
152 Rectangular column - section interaction - assessment
153 Circular column - section interaction - design
154 Circular column - section interaction - assessment
155 General column - section interaction - design
156 General column - section interaction - assessment
157 Rectangular column - biaxial bending - design
158 Rectangular column - biaxial bending - assessment
159 Documentation for Technical Approval Procedures
Reinforced Concrete Design to BS8007, BS8666 and Section Analysis.
160 Wall/slab section
162 Beam section
164 Two way spanning slab with hydrostatic pressure
190 Bar scheduling to BS8666
191 Bar scheduling to BS4466
192 Properties of transformed sections
193 Biaxial bending of rectangular section
194 Biaxial bending of circular section
195 Biaxial bending of user defined section
Composite Construction.
210 Internal beam - BS5950 & SCI
212 Edge beam - BS5950 & SCI
214 Internal beam with secondary beams - BS5950 & SCI
216 Edge beam with secondary beam - BS5950 & SCI
218 Internal beam with secondary beams at third points - BS5950 & SCI
220 Edge beam with secondary beams at third points - BS5950 & SCI
222 Section properties
224 Shear connector design - BS5950 & SCI
225 Temperature effects in composite bridge decks - BS5400 & D. Tp.
226 Differential shrinkage in composite bridge decks - BS5400 & D.Tp.
Timber Design to BS5268.
250 Rectangular section with axial load & bending
251 Rectangular Glulam column/tie with axial load
252 Domestic floor joist
253 Biaxial bending of timber section
254 Simply supported beam with general loading
255 Simply supported Glulam beam with general loading
256 Simply supported flitched beam with general loading
257 Spaced timber column
258 Ply web and box beam
259 Stressed skin timber floor joist
260 Howe truss
262 Pratt truss
266 Fink truss
267 Racking resistance of timber stud panels
268 Fire design of timber beam
271 Nailed joint
272 Screwed joint
273 Bolted joint
274 Spliced timber joint
275 Toothed plate connector
280 Rafter or sloping beam
284 Couple roof
286 Collar-tie roof
288 Lean-to roof
290 Trussed beam
292 Braced sheds (for attic and other frames - see analysis by STRESS)
Timber Design to AITC.
276 Rectangular section with axial load and bending
277 Rectangular glulam section with axial load and uni-axial bending
278 Domestic floor joists
279 Rectangular lumber section with axial load and bi-axial bending
281 Rectangular glulam section with axial load and bi-axial bending
282 Spaced rectangular section with axial load and bending
283 Bolted connections
285 Shear plate connections
287 Woodscrew connections
289 Nailed connections
Steel Design to BS449 Including Amendment 8,1989.
300 I beam
305 I column
310 RHS beam
315 RHS column
320 Angle cleat
325 Angle seat
330 Flexible end plate
335 Extended end plate
340 Bolts
345 Column base
350 Steel guardrailing
355 Steel runway beam to BS 2853
Steel to AISC Load and Resistance Factor Design.
302 Fully restrained beam with UDL & point loads
303 Simply supported beam subject to lateral-torsional buckling
with UDL & point loads
311 Column
319 Composite column
321 Composite steel deck floor
346 Axially loaded base plate
347 Fully restrained beam/column connection
348 Extended endplate beam/column connection
349 Extended stiffened endplate beam/column connection
353 Stiffened plate girder
Steel Design to BS5400 and DOT.
356 List of proformas
357 Design objectives and partial safety factors
358 Steel grades to BS EN 10 025 & BS4360
359 Nominal yield stress
360 Notch toughness
361 Stress analysis; allowance for shear lag
362 Shape limitations for flanges
363 Openings in webs and compression flanges
364 Shape limitations for flat stiffeners
365 Shape limitations for bulb flat stiffeners
366 Shape limitations for angle stiffeners
367 Shape limitations for tee stiffeners
368 Shape limitations for closed stiffeners
369 Shape limitations for flanges curved
370 Shape limitations for circular hollow sections
371 Effective section
372 Evaluation of stresses
373 Effective length for lateral torsional buckling
374 Slenderness
375 Limiting compressive stress
376 Bending resistance without longitudinal stiffeners
377 Shear resistance without longitudinal stiffeners
378 Combined bending and shear
382 Transverse web stiffeners other than at supports
Steel Design to BS5950-1:2000.
390 Concrete filled square and rectangular hollow section column
391 Concrete filled circular hollow section column
392 Fire design of concrete filled structural hollow section column
396 Moment connection between RHS column and column base
407 Simple design, builder's arithmetic, general check, safe loads
408 SS beam (UB, UC, Joist, or Channel) general loading
409 UB, UC or RSJ with bottom flange plate
410 I beam section design
411 Portal frame rafter design
412 RHS beam section design
414 CHS beam and column section design
416 Design of RHS Slimflor edge beam
418 Slim floor design
419 Slim floor design using deep decking
420 Fire resistant design of simple beams
421 Base plate subject to load and moment
422 Extended bolted end plate connection beam to column
423 Flush bolted end plate connection beam to column
424 Beam splice - Extended end plate connection
425 Beam splice - Flush end plate connection
426 Welded beam to column connection
428 Cantilevered beam
429 Cantilevered beam - alternative linking with NL-STRESS
432 Fully restrained SS I beam with UDL and point load/s
434 SS I Beam with UDL - restrained at ends only
436 SS I Beam with UDL & point loads restrained or unrestrained
437 SHS beam restrained at ends and loads
438 Purlin on sloping roof
439 Side rail
440 Column bending about major axis
441 Cased I section column
442 Column bending about minor axis
444 RHS column section design
445 Plastic design of stanchions
446 Single angle - section design
447 Design of "I" beam curved on plan
448 Design of SHS beam curved on plan
450 Pin ended I, H, or channel section column
451 SHS column
452 I column in simple construction
453 SHS column in simple construction
454 Channel bending about minor axis
456 Laced or battened strut
457 Design of SHS section curved on elevation
458 Design of CHS section curved on elevation
459 Design of "I" beam curved in the vertical plane
460 Portal frame design - plastic analysis
462 Portal frame in boundary conditions (fire)
463 Channel subject to eccentric loading
464 Beam subject to eccentric loading
465 RHS beam - eccentric loading
466 Steel beam with openings in the web
467 Cellular and castellated beams
468 Beams formed from single angle
470 Stiffened plate girder
472 Design of Structural T-sections
474 Gantry girder
476 Wind moment design of unbraced frames
477 Axially loaded steel lattice connections
478 Chord and bracing connections with moments including knee joints
479 Hollow section chords with gusset plates/universal section brace
480 Angle cleat connection
481 Fin plate connection
482 Angle seat connection
422 Extended bolted end plate connection beam to column
484 Flexible end plate
486 Flush end plate haunched connection
487 Extended end plate haunched connection
488 Axially loaded column base for I sections
489 Axially loaded column base for SHS's
490 Column splice
492 Beam splice
493 Universal section chord with hollow section brace
494 Portal apex connection
496 Load bearing stiffener design
497 Section properties of haunched section
498 Bolts subject to eccentric loading
Masonry Design to ACI 530-95 and ACI 530.1-95.
504 Wall panel analysis by crossed strips method
507 Wall under concentric axial compression - ACI, UBC or CAN3
508 Wall under eccentric axial load - unreinforced, reinforced or UBC
509 Allowable load for a composite wall
513 Axial load and bending of a composite wall
514 Eccentrically loaded column
516 Block masonry column; axial compression with nominal eccentricity
517 Masonry column under bi-axial bending
518 Masonry pilaster
Masonry Design to BS5628 and MEXE.
505 Wall panel
506 Panel with opening
510 Single leaf wall
511 Single leaf wall by effective eccentricities
512 Lateral resistance of wall by arching
515 Column
520 Freestanding wall
521 Brick beam
525 Bearing
530 External cavity wall
532 External cavity wall - by vertical arching
535 Shear wall
536 Fin wall
540 Load distribution to shear walls
541 Support angles
543 Pippard/MEXE analysis for unit applied load
546 Pippard/MEXE analysis for C&U, EC and user defined bogies
547 Pippard/MEXE analysis for user defined loading
548 Assessment of masonry arch bridges by modified MEXE
550 Mechanism analysis of arches
552 Masonry dams
554 Masonry gravity wall
Analysis by NL-STRESS.
559 NL-STRESS Questions & Answers
560 Plane grid analysis
561 Foundation raft
562 Suspended slabs/bridges
563 Beam curved on plan
567 Cantilever or built-in beam or rafter
568 Lean-to, cranked, dogleg or Mansard beam
569 Portal frame - mono pitch/rectangular
570 Portal frame - 1 bay
571 Portal frame - 1 bay with haunches
572 Portal frame - 1 bay for hipped end
573 Portal frame - 2 bays
574 Portal frame - 2 bays with haunches
575 Portal frame - 2 bays with haunches and single ridge
576 Portal frame - 3 bays
577 Portal frame - 3 bays with haunches
578 Portal frame - 3 bays with haunches and single ridge
579 Portal frame - 4 bays
580 Portal frame - 4 bays with haunches
581 Portal frame - 4 bays with haunches and single ridge
582 Gangnail type of roof truss
583 Lattice girder
584 Lattice portal - N or Pratt, Howe or Warren
585 Attic room roof truss
586 Collar-tie & collar-and-tie roof truss
587 Couple/couple-close truss
588 Fink roof truss
589 King post roof truss
590 Queen post roof truss
591 Mansard roof
592 Bents, trestles and pipe racks
593 Box culvert
594 Continuous beam with train of moving point loads
595 Coupled shear wall
596 Circular arch
597 Multi-storey multi-bay
598 Continuous beam with optional cantilever/s
599 Sub-frame - 2 to 10 bays
600 Frame analysis by NL-STRESS
Analysis by Traditional Methods.
601 Table of deflections for checking beams
602 Shears, moments, etc. for beams
603 Beams under combined axial and transverse loading
604 Continuous beam - moment distribution
606 Simply supported beam
608 Cranked or dogleg beam
610 Influence lines
611 Pigeaud's tables for concentrated loads on slabs
612 Rectangular culverts
614 Circular plate with UDL
615 Recatngular plates
620 Subframe analysis
621 Plane truss analysis - joint by joint
622 Plane truss analysis
623 Multi storey and multi bay frames
624 Multi storey frames
626 Vierendeel girders
628 Shear legs
632 Rectangular portal
634 Ridged portal
635 Two bay ridged portal
636 Couple roof
638 Circular arch
639 Helical stair
640 Deep beams
642 Roof trusses
649 Plastic section properties
650 Section properties - general
651 Section properties with weightings
652 Section properties - plate girder with welded connections
653 Section properties - plate girder with angle connections
659 Influence surfaces of elastic plates - Pucher's charts
660 Yield-lines
662 Suspension bridges
663 Suspension cable analysis
664 Dynamical behaviour
666 Elastic stability
668 Static analysis of symmetrical guyed masts
Pre and Postprocessors for Structural Analysis.
674 Derives moments and principal stresses from plate deflections
679 Circular tanks
680 Joint coordinates of circular members
682 Beta angle for space frame members
684 Member stiffness matrices
687 Equilibrium & compatibility check of plane frame & truss members
688 Equilibrium & compatibility check of plane grid members
689 Equilibrium & compatibility check of space frame & truss members
690 Support displacements to model for guy pretension
692 Modelling of guys for analysis by stiffness method
694 Loads on continuous beams - used in sheet pile design
Loadings and Foundations.
130 HA loading to BD 37/88
131 HA loading assessment to BD 21/97
700 Wind loads to CP3 Chapter 5
701 Snow loading
702 Wind loads to BS6399 Part 2 1997
703 Topographic location factor to BS6399 Part 2 1997
704 Lateral earth pressure from surcharge
705 Pressures from retained materials
706 Moments and forces in hopper bottoms
707 Moments and forces in cylindrical containers
710 Loading on strip footing
711 Column & foundation loads
715 Unit loads
716 Loading on domestic lintel
717 Unit loads for steel frames
718 Steel beam with welded bottom flange
720 Weighting of items comprising several parts
725 Factored load summary sheet
731 Notes on pilecaps
732 Pilecap for 2 piles - truss analogy
734 Pilecap for 4 piles - truss analogy
735 Pilecap for 5 piles - truss analogy
742 Pilecap for 2 piles - bending theory
743 Pilecap for 3 piles - bending theory
744 Pilecap for 4 piles - bending theory
745 Pilecap for 5 piles - bending theory
746 Pilecap for 6 piles - bending theory
747 Pilecap for 7 piles - bending theory
748 Pilecap for 8 piles - bending theory
749 Pilecap for 9 piles - bending theory
750 Concrete retaining wall
751 Active pressure on a retaining wall to BS8002:1994
752 Stability calculations for a retaining wall
754 Biaxial bending on pad base
755 Pad base
756 Preliminary sizing of trapezoidal combined base
757 Preliminary sizing of T-shaped combined base
758 Preliminary sizing of rectangular combined base
759 Preliminary design of tied separate bases
760 Combined base
761 Traditional raft foundation design.
764 Beam on elastic foundation with load train - Hetenyi
765 Beam on elastic foundation
766 Ground beam on elastic piles
767 Active thrust on wall - cohesionless soil with horizontal surface
768 Active & passive pressures on sheet pile wall - with two soils
769 Active wall pressure (Rankine) retaining soil slope
770 Slip circle analysis - Taylor's stability numbers
771 Slip circle analysis - Swedish method
772 Coefficient of volume compressibility and compression index
773 One dimensional consolidation beneath rectangular raft
775 Safe bearing pressures
780 Soil pressures due to stacks
781 Elastic stresses within foundation material
782 Elastic stresses resulting from UDL on rectangular area
786 Vertical loads on straight bored piles in clay
787 Large diameter belled piles in clay
790 Loads on piles in groups
791 Pile types and characteristics
792 Sheet retaining structures
793 Laterally loaded piles
794 Sheet pile wall - Das
796 Embedded depths of holding down bolts
Drainage and Surveying.
800 Drain & sewer pipe sizing
805 Gutters and rain water pipes
855 Road alignment vertical curve
856 Road alignment horizontal curves
859 Areas and volumes for cuttings and embankments
860 Volumes from spot levels
861 Simpson's rule for volumes
870 Setting out piles
871 Analytical geometry based on the COGO approach
872 Traverse survey - open or closed
890 Crack movements - by tell-tales
Mathematics.
901 Ad-hoc calculations
902 Solution of triangles
903 Solution of simultaneous equations
904 Solution of quadratic, cubic & quartic equations
905 Coordinate geometry
906 Differentiation of standard forms
907 Differentiation of a general function
908 Integration of standard forms
909 Integration of a general function
910 Mensuration of plane areas and solids
911 Statistics and quality control
912 Latent roots
913 Centre of gravity
914 Matrix inversion
915 Greek alphabet
916 Conversion US Customary (Imperial) to metric and vice versa
917 Switching SCALE operation between US Customary units & SI units
918 Compound interest for morgtage and loan payments
Manuals and Miscellaneous.
939 About filenames & listing out the names of files
940 Display a text file
941 Edit a text file
943 SOS - Save Old Software - Running old programs from SCALE
950 Invoice for structural work
951 First page of calculations
952 Setting page length
953 Problems? - Questions and Answers
954 Pages with heading only
955 Latest newsletters
957 User's Manuals in Microsoft Word format
965 Compressing or uncompressing proformas
966 Printing out the latest SCALE Reference Manual
967 Printing out the SCALE help file
968 Printing out the Praxis Manual
980 English for engineers - hints on style and grammar
990 Job check list
991 Construction notes
992 Typical letters
993 Job information sheet
994 The COMMAND prompt
995 Computer output & QA
996 How to write a SCALE proforma